dict

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dict is a built-in type representing an associative mapping or dictionary. A dictionary supports indexing using d[k] and key membership testing using k in d; both operations take constant time. Unfrozen dictionaries are mutable, and may be updated by assigning to d[k] or by calling certain methods. Dictionaries are iterable; iteration yields the sequence of keys in insertion order. Iteration order is unaffected by updating the value associated with an existing key, but is affected by removing then reinserting a key.

d = {0: "x", 2: "z", 1: "y"}
[k for k in d]  # [0, 2, 1]
d.pop(2)
d[0], d[2] = "a", "b"
0 in d, "a" in d  # (True, False)
[(k, v) for k, v in d.items()]  # [(0, "a"), (1, "y"), (2, "b")]

There are four ways to construct a dictionary:

A dictionary expression {k: v, ...} yields a new dictionary with the specified key/value entries, inserted in the order they appear in the expression. Evaluation fails if any two key expressions yield the same value.
A dictionary comprehension {k: v for vars in seq} yields a new dictionary into which each key/value pair is inserted in loop iteration order. Duplicates are permitted: the first insertion of a given key determines its position in the sequence, and the last determines its associated value.
```
{k: v for k, v in (("a", 0), ("b", 1), ("a", 2))}  # {"a": 2, "b": 1}
{i: 2*i for i in range(3)}  # {0: 0, 1: 2, 2: 4}
```
A call to the built-in dict function returns a dictionary containing the specified entries, which are inserted in argument order, positional arguments before named. As with comprehensions, duplicate keys are permitted.
The union expression x | y yields a new dictionary by combining two existing dictionaries. If the two dictionaries have a key k in common, the right hand side dictionary's value of the key (in other words, y[k]) wins. The |= variant of the union operator modifies a dictionary in-place. Example:
```
d = {"foo": "FOO", "bar": "BAR"} | {"foo": "FOO2", "baz": "BAZ"}
# d == {"foo": "FOO2", "bar": "BAR", "baz": "BAZ"}
d = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
d |= {"b": 3, "c": 4}
# d == {"a": 1, "b": 3, "c": 4}
```

clear

None dict.clear()

Remove all items from the dictionary.

get

unknown dict.get(key, default=None)

Returns the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default. If default is not given, it defaults to None, so that this method never throws an error.

Parameters

Parameter	Description
`key`	required The key to look for.
`default`	default is `None` The default value to use (instead of None) if the key is not found.

items

list dict.items()

Returns the list of key-value tuples:

{2: "a", 4: "b", 1: "c"}.items() == [(2, "a"), (4, "b"), (1, "c")]

keys

list dict.keys()

Returns the list of keys:

{2: "a", 4: "b", 1: "c"}.keys() == [2, 4, 1]

pop

unknown dict.pop(key, default=unbound)

Removes a key from the dict, and returns the associated value. If no entry with that key was found, remove nothing and return the specified default value; if no default value was specified, fail instead.

Parameters

Parameter	Description
`key`	required The key.
`default`	default is `unbound` a default value if the key is absent.

popitem

tuple dict.popitem()

Remove and return the first (key, value) pair from the dictionary. popitem is useful to destructively iterate over a dictionary, as often used in set algorithms. If the dictionary is empty, the popitem call fails.

setdefault

unknown dict.setdefault(key, default=None)

If key is in the dictionary, return its value. If not, insert key with a value of default and return default. default defaults to None.

Parameters

Parameter	Description
`key`	required The key.
`default`	default is `None` a default value if the key is absent.

update

None dict.update(pairs=[], **kwargs)

Updates the dictionary first with the optional positional argument, pairs, then with the optional keyword arguments If the positional argument is present, it must be a dict, iterable, or None. If it is a dict, then its key/value pairs are inserted into this dict. If it is an iterable, it must provide a sequence of pairs (or other iterables of length 2), each of which is treated as a key/value pair to be inserted. Each keyword argument name=value causes the name/value pair to be inserted into this dict.

Parameters

Parameter	Description
`pairs`	default is `[]` Either a dictionary or a list of entries. Entries must be tuples or lists with exactly two elements: key, value.
`kwargs`	required Dictionary of additional entries.

values

list dict.values()

Returns the list of values:

{2: "a", 4: "b", 1: "c"}.values() == ["a", "b", "c"]